# Functions ## Overview ### Benefits of using Functions * **Clearer code** * Breaking big chunks of code into small pieces, so that you read and follow the code easily * Reusability in other functions, therefore you can write clearer code * **Ease of change** * When used in multiple places and other big functions, you change the behavior of the function from a place with ease ### Things to Consider * Not to add more than 6 parameters * Splitting up into smaller functions for sake of readability * Whether those parameters are related to each other ### Throwing Data back If you want to return your *own* value from a function, you need to do two things: 1. Write an arrow then a data type before your function’s opening brace, which tells Swift what kind of data will get sent back. 2. Use the `return` keyword to send back your data. ```swift // Standart if-else conditional func greet(name: String) -> String { if name == "Taylor Swift" { return "Oh wow!" } else { return "Hello, \(name)" } } print(greet(name:"Sedat")) print("-------------------------------------------------------------------") // Ternary Conditional func greet2(name: String) -> String { name == "Taylor Swift" ? "Oh wow!" : "Hello, \(name)" } print(greet2(name:"Sedat")) print("-------------------------------------------------------------------") // without return, it does not output the result outside of the function func greet3(name: String) { if name == "Taylor Swift" { "Oh wow!" } else { "Hello, \(name)" } } print(greet3(name:"Sedat")) ``` ### [Tuples](https://swift.sedatonat.dev/codes/data-collectors/tuples) ### Copying Functions When you copy a function you do not use parenthesis () ```swift greetUser() var greetCopy = greetUser greetCopy() ``` **Source:** [HWS](https://www.hackingwithswift.com/quick-start/beginners/how-to-create-and-use-closures), When copying functions parameters will not come externally??? #learn ### Removing Parameter Name ```swift // With parameter name func climbMountain0(name: String) { print("I'm going to climb \(name).") } climbMountain0(name:"Everest") /* print: I'm going to climb Everest. */ print("-------------------------------------------------------------------") // Without parameter name func climbMountain1(_ name: String) { print("I'm going to climb \(name).") } climbMountain1("Everest") /* print: I'm going to climb Everest. */ ``` No difference in result at all. ### Defining a Default Value for a Parameter ```swift /* In "end: Int = 3" 3 is the default value. If nothing is defined for the "end" value so 3 is the value */ func printTimesTables(for number: Int, end: Int = 3) { for i in 1...end { print("\(i) x \(number) is \(i * number)") } } //printTimesTables(for: 5, end: 20) printTimesTables(for: 8) /* print: 1 x 8 is 8 2 x 8 is 16 3 x 8 is 24 */ ``` **Source:** [HWS](https://www.hackingwithswift.com/quick-start/beginners/how-to-provide-default-values-for-parameters), ### Checking Errors If a Function may throw an error, you must add error handling both to prevent crashing the app and to clarify the cause. But keep in mind that adding a throw to function may cause many other problems. So it is better not to add them at the beginning. By the time you become familiar with the app itself and the throw mechanism, you will ad them carefully. ```swift enum PasswordError: Error { case short, obvious } func checkPassword(_ password: String) throws -> String { if password.count < 5 { throw PasswordError.short } if password == "12345" { throw PasswordError.obvious } if password.count < 8 { return "OK" } else if password.count < 10 { return "Good" } else { return "Excellent" } } let string = "12345" do { let result = try checkPassword(string) print("Password rating: \(result)") } catch PasswordError.short { print("Please use a longer password.") } catch PasswordError.obvious { print("I have the same combination on my luggage!") } catch { print("There was an error: \(error.localizedDescription)") } /* print: I have the same combination on my luggage! */ ``` **Source:** [HWS](https://www.hackingwithswift.com/quick-start/beginners/how-to-handle-errors-in-functions), ### Handling Function Failure with Optionals If you only care about whether the function works or not, try may help. Otherwise do not use it. If you want to know what those error are, and handle them uniquely, do not use "try?", but use do-catch-try block instead. {% embed url="" %} #### **Source:** [HWS](https://www.hackingwithswift.com/quick-start/beginners/how-to-handle-function-failure-with-optionals), ### Methods When Functions belong to Structs, they become Methods. #### Sources * [Hacking With Swift / What’s the difference between a function and a method?](https://www.hackingwithswift.com/quick-start/understanding-swift/whats-the-difference-between-a-function-and-a-method) * [Swift.org / Methods](https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/LanguageGuide/Methods.html) ### Mutating Function Gives you ability to change a constant in a struct ([HWS / 100days / 10](https://www.hackingwithswift.com/quick-start/beginners/how-to-create-your-own-structs)). * // But why to change it? If we need to change it afterwards why we not define it as a var? #learn #### Example 1: Resetting the the value set to its defaults ```swift struct Canvas { var backgroundColor: Color? var foregroundColor: Color? var shapes = [Shape]() var images = [Image]() mutating func reset() { self = Canvas() } } ``` #### #### Sources **Videos** {% embed url="" %} **Articles / Documents** * [Swift by Sundel / Mutating and non-mutating Swift contexts](https://www.swiftbysundell.com/articles/mutating-and-nonmutating-swift-contexts/) * [Hacking With Swift / Why do we need to mark some methods as mutating?](https://www.hackingwithswift.com/quick-start/understanding-swift/why-do-we-need-to-mark-some-methods-as-mutating) * [Hacking With Swift / 100 days / 10 - How to create your own structs](https://www.hackingwithswift.com/quick-start/beginners/how-to-create-your-own-structs) * [Page: Mutating Func](#mutating-function) ### Functions as Parameters ```swift func makeArray(size: Int, using generator: () -> Int) -> [Int] { var numbers = [Int]() for _ in 0.. Void, second: () -> Void, third: () -> Void) { print("About to start first work") // output: About to start first work first() print("About to start second work") // output: About to start second work second() print("About to start third work") // output: About to start third work third() print("Done!") // output: Done! } doImportantWork { print("This is the first work") } second: { print("This is the second work") } third: { print("This is the third work") } /* print: About to start first work This is the first work About to start second work This is the second work About to start third work This is the third work Done! */ ``` ```swift var payCash = { print("Here's the money.") } func buyClothes(item: String, using payment: () -> Void) { print("I'll take this \(item).") payment() } buyClothes(item: "jacket", using: payCash) /* print: I'll take this jacket. Here's the money. */ ``` **Source:** ## Sample Codes ![](https://5317963-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2F598GXhEFvy2PX7VpZjCw%2Fuploads%2FwsupHWzuvsGCZwJeOZT2%2Fimage.png?alt=media\&token=f8a74493-340d-4684-81e2-8f25bbbd97d4) ![](https://5317963-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2F598GXhEFvy2PX7VpZjCw%2Fuploads%2FmfQ45i6v26MWBJgQO1Sy%2Fimage.png?alt=media\&token=bd02655f-6a4a-4ece-a3bc-e38081fb83cb) ```swift func square(numbers: [Int]) { for number in numbers { let squared = number * number print("\(number) squared is \(squared).") } } square(numbers: [2, 3, 4]) /* print: 2 squared is 4. 3 squared is 9. 4 squared is 16. */ ``` ## Sources ### Videos ### Articles / Documents * * * * [Swift.org / Methods](https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/LanguageGuide/Methods.html)